All That Matters

A scanning tunnelling microscope image of a single-atom transistor during fabrication. The pink colours represent the areas where a single phosphorus atom (centre) as well as phosphorus source and drain contacts will be placed. The gate contacts that control the transistor action from the side are not visible here. Credit: Martin Fuechsle

When Gordon Moore made his observation in 1965 that the number of transistors integrated on a single silicon chip is doubling roughly every two years, the only logical end point for such a trend would be a transistor made from a single atom. This point has now been reached. Writing in Nature Nanotechnology, Michelle Simmons from the University of New South Wales in Sydney and colleagues report a single-atom transistor, the world’s smallest, on a silicon chip. The transistor is based on current flowing through a single atom of phosphorus embedded in a silicon wafer. […]

Photo by piglicker via flickr.

I don’t have much time this week and next to blog, but yesterday Science published an interesting paper by Hui Cao and colleagues at Yale that is hard to ignore. It is the ‘anti-laser’.

In short, this anti-laser does exactly the same what a laser does, just with time reversed. You can do that because the physics involved in the laser doesn’t change when you reverse the time. It is as if you play a laser backwards.

A laser requires at least two energy states that are placed between two mirrors. An electron in an upper energy state relaxes to the lower one and emits light. If the electrons are continuously pumped into the upper state, the light that bounces between the mirrors becomes increasingly intensive and at some point lasing kicks in. One of the two mirrors is semi-transparent, so the laser light can get out of the device.

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Photo by Philippe Teuwen via wikimedia.

This week’s issue of the magazine Science has no less than three papers on a single topic, namely new ways of computing using the quantum mechanical property of spin. Taken together, these provide a brief glimpse into the different ways researchers have progressed in incorporating spin into electronic devices.

The fundamental element of a computer chip is the transistor. The transistor is where the bits are switched from 0 to 1 and vice versa. Transistors are made from semiconductors such as silicon and operate by moving electrical charges between two contacts. But electrical charges are not the only possibility to operate a computer. Another one is to use spin.

What is spin and why do we care?

Spin is a quantity that is related to the rotation of fundamental particles around their own axis, similar to a spinning top. The concept of spin is deeply rooted in quantum mechanics, pioneered by people such as Wolgang Pauli and Niels Bohr. Of course, the analogy of such a fundamental property to a spinning top does not work fully. If you want to learn more about the intriguing world of spin, take a look at Dave Goldberg’s blog post.

But how does spin have any relevance in computing? Well, if the particle with spin also has an electrical charge, as the electron does, this also creates a magnetic field, similar to that of a tiny compass. This magnetic field can be used to store information just like an electric charge. Whether the compass points upwards or downwards then corresponds to the 0 and 1 of a bit.

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